Upon completion of this module, you should be able to distinguish between an ore, a metal, and an alloy and describe the process used to separate metal from an ore. Metallurgy is a science that involves developing technology to recover metals from ores. It also involves compounding alloys. A mineral is a substance that is naturally occurring with a wide range of chemical compositions. Minerals exist in nature as oxides, sulfides, halides, carbonates, phosphates, silicates, and also exist as native minerals.